# MOXIE Solid Oxide Electrolysis Stack

**Type:** work
**Status:** Draft
**Confidence:** High
**Focus:** space technology, Mars, in-situ resource utilization, solid oxide electrolysis, OxEon Energy
**Era:** 2010s–2023 Mars operations; Earth-scale follow-through ongoing
**Location:** North Salt Lake, UT
**Updated:** 2026-06-25
**Domain:** space-science, energy, materials-mfg
**Region:** North Salt Lake
**Pull:** *OxEon Energy in North Salt Lake built the electrochemical core that made oxygen on Mars for the first time in human history.*
**Relates:** cites [NASA: MOXIE Completes Mars Mission](nasa-moxie-completes-mission.md)
**Relates:** cites [Science Advances: MOXIE Paper](science-advances-moxie.md)
**Relates:** cites [OxEon Energy: MOXIE Program](oxeon-moxie-program.md)

## Summary

MOXIE — the Mars Oxygen In-Situ Resource Utilization Experiment — was a toaster-sized payload on NASA's Perseverance rover that produced oxygen from the carbon dioxide atmosphere of Mars. The Utah-built component was the Solid OXide Electrolyzer (SOXE) stack: the high-temperature electrochemical core designed, developed, and manufactured by OxEon Energy in North Salt Lake. OxEon's stack split compressed Martian CO₂ into oxygen ions and carbon monoxide at high temperature, then recombined the oxygen ions into molecular oxygen.

MOXIE first produced oxygen on Mars on April 20, 2021. Over 16 total runs through August 2023, it generated 122 grams of oxygen total, reached 12 grams per hour at peak efficiency, and achieved 98% purity or better. A 2022 paper in Science Advances — with OxEon engineers Joseph Hartvigsen and Singaravelu Elangovan as coauthors — described MOXIE as the first demonstration of in-situ resource utilization on another planet.

## Impact

MOXIE was not about the few grams of oxygen produced for immediate use. It proved that future explorers could manufacture oxygen on Mars rather than launching all of it from Earth. Oxygen is not only breathable air — it is the oxidizer a Mars ascent vehicle would need in tens of tons to get astronauts home. Without this demonstration, Mars in-situ resource utilization would have remained a paper architecture. The Utah-built stack moved it into the category of hardware that survived interplanetary flight, operated on Mars, and produced measured oxygen under real Martian conditions.

OxEon Energy has subsequently used the same solid oxide electrolysis lineage in DOE-backed work on hydrogen production, syngas, sustainable fuels, and higher-volume SOEC manufacturing on Earth — the technology pathway has value independent of space exploration.

## What Was Created

OxEon's SOXE stack had to maintain gas seals and electrochemical performance while cycling to high operating temperatures after launch vibration, landing shock, long surface deployment, and intermittent operation on rover power. It had to reject carbon monoxide and unused CO₂, meet oxygen purity requirements, and fit inside a mass- and volume-constrained flight payload.

The stack's qualification for interplanetary spaceflight conditions — vibration, thermal cycling, vacuum, radiation — represents the core engineering achievement. The science was made possible because the hardware worked.

## Utah Context

The Utah claim is specific and strong: OxEon Energy in North Salt Lake designed, developed, and manufactured the SOXE stack at the core of MOXIE's oxygen-production system. MIT led the overall instrument, JPL managed the Mars 2020 project, and NASA ran Perseverance — but the electrochemical heart was Utah-built.

OxEon grew from the solid oxide fuel-cell and electrolysis research community that had developed over prior decades. The company's ability to qualify a high-temperature electrochemical device for interplanetary flight conditions reflects deep materials and engineering expertise concentrated in North Salt Lake.

## Evidence

- [NASA: MOXIE completes Mars mission](https://www.nasa.gov/missions/mars-2020-perseverance/perseverance-rover/nasas-oxygen-generating-experiment-moxie-completes-mars-mission) — [source record](nasa-moxie-completes-mission.md)
- [NASA Science: MOXIE oxygen-production records](https://science.nasa.gov/missions/mars-2020-perseverance/moxie-sets-consecutive-personal-bests-and-mars-records-for-oxygen-production/)
- [Science Advances: Mars Oxygen ISRU Experiment (MOXIE)](https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abp8636) — [source record](science-advances-moxie.md)
- [MIT News: MOXIE reliably produces oxygen on Mars](https://news.mit.edu/2022/moxie-oxygen-mars-0831)
- [OxEon Energy: MOXIE makes oxygen on Mars](https://oxeonenergy.com/news/MOXIE-Makes-Oxygen-on-Mars)
- [OxEon Energy: MOXIE program](https://oxeonenergy.com/moxie) — [source record](oxeon-moxie-program.md)
- [DOE NETL: OxEon solid oxide electrolysis project](https://netl.doe.gov/index.php/node/10875)

## Open Questions

- A human Mars mission would need an oxygen-production system roughly hundreds of times larger, operating continuously and autonomously for over a year; MOXIE proved feasibility, not scaled production.
- OxEon's Earth-side commercialization trajectory (hydrogen, syngas, sustainable fuels) merits its own tracking as a potentially major clean-energy application of the same technology.
- The fair Utah attribution is the SOXE stack, not the whole MOXIE instrument or Perseverance mission.